Theatre of Dionysus in Athens

Euripides - Ion

The Temple of Apollo at Delphi Can you imagine Ion out front of this huge building swatting away the doves?


The inscriptions that are on column of the temple that are known as 'the three maxims of the seven sages' are:

"Know thyself"
"Nothing in excess"
"A pledge, and ruin is near"


The picture on the left is of the 'omphalus,' the centre-stone of the temple and the 'navel of the world.'

Select Bibliography:

A. Saxenhouse, “Myths and the Origins of Cities: Reflections on the Autochthony Theme in Euripides' Ion,” in Greek Tragedy and Political Theory, ed. Peter Euben (Berkeley; London: U of California P, 1986), 252-273.

Froma I. Zeitlin, “Mysteries of Identity and Designs of the Self in Euripides’ Ion,” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 35 (1989) 144-197.

H. A. Shapiro, “The Cult of Heroines: Kekrops' Daughters,” in Ellen D. Reeder, Pandora: Women in Classical Greece. (Princeton, PUP, 1995).

Lefkowitz, “Women in the Festivals,” in Jenifer Neils, ed., Worshipping Athena: Panathenaia & Parthenon. (Wisconsin, U of WP, 1996).

Loraux, N. “Autochthonous Creusa,” in Children of Athena: Athenian Ideas About Citizenship and the Division Between the Sexes. trans. Caroline Levine (Princeton: PUP, 1993).

Wesserman, Felix Martin, “Divine Violence and Providence in Euripides’ Ion,” Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 71. (1940), 587-604.

Zaidman, “Pandora's Daughters and Rituals in Grecian Cities,” in Pauline Smitt Pantel, ed., History of Women in the West. [Vol.1]; From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1992).